The Scream's Secret

Look closely at Edvard Munch’s The Scream (1893) and you may notice something deeply unsettling; something which most visitors never see. Barely visible, etched into the painted sky, are the chilling words: “Can only have been painted by a madman.”

Edvard Munch’s The Scream (1893) - A figure stands on a bridge, hands on face, mouth open in a scream. Vivid red, orange sky and swirling blue water convey intense emotion and anxiety.
Edvard Munch’s The Scream (1893)

For decades, no one knew what to make of them. Some believed they were the work of a vandal. The truth remained a mystery until 2021, when infrared imaging and handwriting analysis finally settled the debate.

The words were written by Munch himself. The revelation transformed the painting from an expression of terror into something even more intimate: a quiet confession. The inscription appears on only one of the four known versions of The Scream.

Edvard Munch by Anders Beer Wilse (1921) - Black and white portrait of Edvard Munch in a suit in 1921, seated against a dark backdrop. His expression is serious, with a focused and introspective look.
Edvard Munch by Anders Beer Wilse (1921)

The Night That Inspired Terror

The image was born from a single night that left a permanent mark on Munch. He later described the experience in his diary, and his words are as haunting as the painting itself:

“I was walking along the road with two friends—the sun was setting—suddenly the sky turned blood red—I paused, feeling exhausted, and leaned on the fence—there was blood and tongues of fire above the blue-black fjord and the city. My friends walked on, and I stood there trembling with anxiety—and I sensed an infinite scream passing through nature.”

That moment of dread did not come out of nowhere. Munch’s life was already steeped in loss and fear. His mother and one of his sisters had died of tuberculosis when he was young. Another sister was later committed to a mental asylum. He struggled with alcoholism, anxiety, and recurring breakdowns. Mental illness haunted his family, and Munch lived with the constant fear that madness was not just around him, but inside him, waiting.

Edvard Munch’s The Sick Child (1885–86), depicting his sister Sophie’s death - Oil painting of Edvard Munch’s older sister, Johanne Sophie, who died from tuberculosis at fifteen in 1877. Munch would repeatedly revisit this deeply traumatic event through his art.
Edvard Munch’s The Sick Child (1885–86), depicting his sister Sophie’s death

And that burning red sky may not have been pure imagination. Some scientists believe it was inspired by the eruption of the Krakatoa volcano in Indonesia in 1883. The explosion sent ash particles high into the atmosphere, creating spectacular, blood red sunsets around the world for years.

Photograph of the Krakatoa eruption of 1883 - Black and white photograph of the Indonesian volcano Krakatoa during the eruption of 1883, which began on 20th May and lasted five months, until 21 October.
Photograph of the Krakatoa eruption of 1883

The Hidden Message

So why would Munch scribble such a brutal line over his own masterpiece?

The words were added after The Scream was first exhibited in 1895, after critics reacted rather harshly. One review mocked the work, suggesting that only a madman could have painted something so disturbing. Munch did not argue publicly. Instead, he responded in pencil, writing the accusation himself in letters so faint they almost disappeared into the paint. It was defiance, irony, and self-awareness all at once.

Detail of Edvard Munch’s The Scream (1893) -  Detail of The Scream: with flowing red, orange and blue brushstrokes creating a dynamic, swirling pattern. Faint writing is noticeable over the colours.
Detail of Edvard Munch’s The Scream (1893)

The painting’s troubled history does not end there. The Scream was stolen twice, once in 1994 and again in 2004, and recovered both times. Four versions of the work exist today. One of them, the 1895 pastel, sold for $119.9M in 2012, making it one of the most expensive ever sold.

What remains is an image that still screams across time, and a single sentence, nearly erased, that asks whether madness was the subject of the painting, or its source.

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When words fail, point at any bizarre Renaissance baby and ask "Why does that infant have an eight-pack?" Instant ice-breaker. Art provides endless topics to discuss, from the sublime to the ridiculous, making those initial getting-to-know-you moments flow naturally.

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📷 by Wikimedia Commons
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"Salvator Mundi” (1505) by Albrecht Dürer / Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York

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“Take your Son, Sir!” (1851–56) by Ford Madox Brown / Tate Britain in London

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“Study of Mme Gautreau” (1884) by John Singer Sargent / Tate Britain in London

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“The Entombment” (c. 1500–1501) by Michelangelo / National Gallery in London

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